Skip to main content

Multilevel Inheritance in Python

 

Learning Sections          show

Multilevel Inheritance in Python

Multilevel inheritance is a type of inheritance where a class inherits from another class, which in turn inherits from another class, forming a hierarchy of classes. This allows for the creation of a more specific subclass that builds upon the functionality of its superclass and the superclass's superclass.

Example of Multilevel Inheritance

Let's look at an example to understand how multilevel inheritance works in Python.


# Base class
class Animal:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def speak(self):
        return "Animal speaks"

# Intermediate class
class Mammal(Animal):
    def __init__(self, name, type):
        Animal.__init__(self, name)
        self.type = type

    def speak(self):
        return "Mammal speaks"

# Derived class
class Dog(Mammal):
    def __init__(self, name, type, breed):
        Mammal.__init__(self, name, type)
        self.breed = breed

    def speak(self):
        return "Dog barks"

# Create an instance of the derived class
dog = Dog("Buddy", "Domestic", "Golden Retriever")
print(dog.speak())  
    # Output: Dog barks
    
Explanation:

In this example, we have three classes: Animal, Mammal, and Dog. The Animal class is the base class with an __init__ method and a speak method. The Mammal class is an intermediate class that inherits from Animal and adds its own __init__ and speak methods. The Dog class is the derived class that inherits from Mammal, adding an additional attribute breed and overriding the speak method to provide its own implementation.

Advantages of Multilevel Inheritance
  • Hierarchical Classification: Allows for the creation of a clear hierarchical structure, making it easier to understand relationships between classes.
  • Code Reusability: Promotes code reuse by allowing derived classes to inherit and extend the functionality of base classes.
  • Specialization: Enables the creation of more specialized classes that build on the functionality of more general classes.
Disadvantages of Multilevel Inheritance
  • Increased Complexity: Can increase the complexity of the class hierarchy, making it more difficult to understand and maintain.
  • Dependency Chain: Creates a dependency chain where changes in base classes can affect all derived classes, potentially leading to unintended side effects.
Method Resolution Order (MRO)

In multilevel inheritance, the order in which methods are resolved is determined by the Method Resolution Order (MRO). The mro() method can be used to display the MRO of a class.


print(Dog.mro())  
    # Output: [<class 'Dog'>, <class 'Mammal'>, <class 'Animal'>, <class 'object'>]
    
Key Points
  • Multilevel inheritance allows a class to inherit from another class, which in turn inherits from another class, forming a hierarchy.
  • Provides hierarchical classification, code reuse, and specialization of classes.
  • Can increase complexity and create a dependency chain, requiring careful management.
  • Method Resolution Order (MRO) determines the order in which methods are resolved in the class hierarchy.

Popular posts from this blog

MultiProcessing in Python

  Learning Sections          show MultiProcessing in Python Multiprocessing in Python involves using the multiprocessing module to run multiple processes concurrently, taking advantage of multiple CPU cores. This module provides a higher level of concurrency than threading and is especially useful for CPU-bound tasks. Creating Processes You can create and start a new process by using the multiprocessing module: import multiprocessing def print_numbers (): for i in range ( 10 ): print ( i ) p1 = multiprocessing.Process ( target = print_numbers ) p1 . start () p1 . join () # Wait for the process to complete Using Process Pools The multiprocessing module provides a Pool class, which allows you to manage a pool of worker processes: from multiprocessing import Pool def square ( n ): return n * n with Pool ( 4 ) as pool : result = pool.map ( square , range (...

Learn Python

  Learning Sections Introduction to Python Comment, escape sequence and print statement in Python Variables and Data Types in Python Typecasting in Python User input in Python String slicing and operations on string in Python String methods in Python If else conditional statements in Python Match case statement in Python For loops in Python While loops in Python Break and continue statement in Python Functions in Python Function Arguments in Python introduction to lists in Python List methods in Python Tuples in Python Operations on tuple in Python f strings in Python Docstrings in Python Recursion in Python Sets in Python Set methods in Python Dictionaries in Python for Loop with else in Python Exception Handling in Python Finally keyword in Python Raising custom errors in Python Short hand if else statements Enumerate Function in Python Virtual Environment in Python How import works in Python if __nam...

Instance variables vs Class variables in Python

  Learning Sections          show Instance variables vs Class variables in Python In Python, instance variables are variables that are bound to instances of a class, while class variables are variables that are bound to the class itself. Each instance of the class has its own copy of instance variables, while class variables are shared among all instances of the class. Instance variables are defined within methods of a class using the self keyword, while class variables are defined directly within the class body. Example: class Car : # Class variable wheels = 4 # Instance method to initialize instance variables def __init__ ( self , color ): # Instance variable self . color = color # Create instances of the Car class car1 = Car ( 'red' ) car2 = Car ( 'blue' ) # Access instance variables print ( car1 . color ) # Output: 'red' print ( car2 . color ) # Output: 'blue' # Acc...